Copyright 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Leanring, Inc.
Thomson LearningTM is a trademark used herein under license.
Author: Christine Evers
Developer: 8Ball Media Design
Biology Publisher: Jack C. Carey
VP, Editor-in-Chief: Michelle Julet
Technology Project Manager: Keli Sato Amann
Media Permissions Editor: Audrey Pettengill
Photo Permissions Editor: Terri Wright
Senior Production Manager: Andy Marinkovich
CNN video research: Becky Stovall, Ken Cargile
Special thanks to Peggy Williams, Pat Waldo, Lisa Starr, Grace Davidson, Adrian Paz, Suzannah Alexander, Chris Ziemba, Ralph Marsh, Brenna Ziemba, and Myrna Engler.
Photo and Video Credits
Book Cover Image: Peter Walton image
Chapter 1
Big Picture NASA; Vita Pariente; P. Hawtin, University of Southampton/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; Edward S. Ross; Edward S. Ross; Courtesy Derrell Fowler, Tecumseh, Oklahoma; Lewis Trusty/Animals Animals; R. Robinson/Visuals Unlimited, Inc.; Joe McDonald/CORBIS; Raymond Gehman/CORBIS; LWA-Stephen Welstead/CORBIS; Lester Lefkowitz/CORBIS; Figure 1.01 Jeffrey L. Rotman/CORBIS; Jeffrey L. Rotman/CORBIS; Jeffrey L. Rotman/CORBIS; Bill Varie/CORBIS; NASA; NASA; © Peter Scoones; Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.; Figure 1.03 Images © 1996 PhotoDisc, Inc.; Figure 1.04 Interactive Concepts in Biology 3.0; art and animation by Steve Bolinger/ 8 ball Media Group.; Figure 1.06 T. Stevens and P. McKinley, Pacific Northwest Laboratory/SPL/Photo Researchers; Robert C. Simpson/Nature Stock; CNRI/SPL/Photo Researchers,Inc.; P. Hawtin, University of Southampton/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; Joe McDonald/CORBIS; Edward S. Ross; R. Robinson/Visuals Unlimited, Inc.; Emiliania huxleyi photograph, Vita Pariente, scanning electron micrograph taken on a Jeol T330A instrument at Texas A&M University Electron Microscopy center; Lewis Trusty/Animals Animals.
Chapter 2
Big Picture © Michael S. Yamashita/CORBIS; Figure 2.1 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Bonus Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Bonus Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Bonus Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Bonus Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Bonus Animation and narration from The Wadsworth Biology Videodisc, © 1995 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.
Chapter 3
Big Picture © Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers; Figure 3.1 The Wadsworth Biology Videodisc, © 1995 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 3.12 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 7th edition, © 1995 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 03.18 Art by Cooperative Media Group after art from Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 7th edition, © 1995 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 3.21 Dr. Gopal Murti/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; Figure 3.22 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 3.23 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 7th edition, © 1995 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.
Chapter 4
Figure 4.06 Leica Microsystems, Inc., Deerfield, IL.; Figure 4.07 © George Musil / Visuals Unlimited; Figure 4.15 Art by Lisa Starr.
Chapter 5
Figure 5.05 Interactive Concepts in Biology 3.0; art and animation by Steve Bolinger/ 8 ball Media Group.; Figure 5.13 Art from Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 7th edition, © 1995 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 5.15 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 5.16 Art, Palay/Beaubois; Figure 5.22 Interactive Concepts in Biology 3.0; art and animation by Steve Bolinger/ 8 ball Media Group.
Chapter 6
Figure 6.06 Interactive Concepts in Biology 3.0; art and animation by Steve Bolinger/ 8 ball Media Group.
Chapter 7
Figure 7.02 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Bonus Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 7.04 Interactive Concepts in Biology 3.0; art and animation by Steve Bolinger/ 8 ball Media Group.; Figure 7.05 Micrograph, Keith R. Porter.
Chapter 8
Figure 8.06 J.W. Perry.
Chapter 9
Big Picture © Andrew Syred / Photo Researchers, Inc.; Figure 9.03 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; bonus Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 9.05 Perry/Morton, Photo Atlas for Biology, © 1996 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.
Chapter 10
Big Picture Raychel Ciemma and Precision Graphics.; D. & V. Hennings; Figure 10.03 Hans & Cassady, Inc.
Chapter 11
Big Picture © Steve Uzzell; Figure 11.03 R. Demarest from Michael Cummings; Redrawn by R. Demarest from Michael Cummings, Human Heredity: Principles and Issues, 3rd ed., © 1994 West Publishing Company and used by permission in Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 8th edition, © 1998 Wadsworth Publishing Co. Inc.; Bonus Steve Bolinger/ 8 ball Media Group.
Chapter 12
Big Picture © C. Barrington Brown, 1968 J. D. Watson; Figure 12.06 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.
Chapter 13
Bonus Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 13.1 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 13.03 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 13.04 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 13.08 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.
Chapter 14
Big Picture Jack Carey; Figure 14.04 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.
Chapter 16
Bonus Photo by Tekla Weber.
Chapter 17
Big Picture © NASA Galileo Imaging Team; Figure 17.12 Art by Victor Royer from Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 7th edition, © 1995 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Bonus Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 17.28 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 17.31 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.
Chapter 18
Big Picture © Tim Thompson / CORBIS; Figure 18.1 Raychel Ciemma and Precision Graphics; Figure 18.08 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.
Chapter 19
Big Picture © CAMR, BARRY DOWSETT / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/Photo Researchers; Bonus Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 19.13 Ingraham/Ingraham, Introduction to Microbiology © 1995 by Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.
Chapter 20
Big Picture © Dr. David Phillips/ Visuals Unlimited; © Astrid Hanns-Frieder michler/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; © Andrew Syred/ SPL/ Photo Researchers, Inc.; © Wim van Egmond; Figure 20.06 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.
Chapter 21
Big Picture Raychel Ciemma; Figure 21.13 Raychel Ciemma
Chapter 22
Figure 22.1 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 7th edition, © 1995 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc. Art by Raychel Ciemma.; Figure 22.02 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 22.03 Raychel Ciemma; Figure 22.11 Perry/Morton, Photo Atlas for Biology, © 1996 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 22.13d Precision Graphics, adapted from Rasmussen, "Ophelia," Vol. 11, in Eugene Kozloff, Invertebrates, 1990.; Figure 22.14 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 22.17b Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 22.18 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.
Chapter 23
Big Picture © MPFT/ Corbis Sygma; National Museum of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. © 1985 David L. Brill.; Medical School, University of the Witwatersrand, © 1985 David L. Brill.; Original housed in National Museum of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. © 1999 David L. Brill; National Museum of Tansania, Dar es Salaam, © 1985 David L. Brill.; Transvaal Museum, Pretoria. © 1985 David L. Brill; National Museum of Kenya, Nairobi. © 1985 David L. Brill; © Louise M. Robbins; © Dr. Donald Johanson, Institute of Human Origins; © Jean Paul Tibbles; American Museum of Natural History. © 1996 David L. Brill; MUSEE DE L'HOMME, Paris. © 1985 David L. Brill; Figure 23.02 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 23.06 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 23.08 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 23.15 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.
Chapter 24
Big Picture © Heather Angel; © Biophoto Associates/ Photo Researchers, Inc.; © Frank B. Salisbury; Figure 24.13a Courtesy of Professor Richard Amasino, University of Wisconsin-Madison;Figure 24.11 Frank B. Salisbury; Figure 24.13b Courtesy of Professor Richard Amasino, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Chapter 25
Big Picture © Andrew Syred/Photo Researchers, Inc.;Figure 25.1 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 25.03 Lisa Starr; Figure 25.08 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 25.19 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 25.20a Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 25.21 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.
Chapter 26
Big Picture © Prof. DJ Read, University of Sheffield; © Adrian P. Davies/ Bruce Coleman.
Chapter 27
Big Picture Raychel Ciemma; Figure 27.05 Raychel Ciemma; Figure 27.19 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.
Chapter 28
Big Picture Courtesy Nature Biotechnology; Figure 28.04 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc. Art by R. Ciemma.; Figure 28.11d Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 28.12 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 28.13 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 9th edition, © 2001 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.
Chapter 29
Big Picture Lisa Starr; Figure 29.2 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 9th edition, © 2001 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 29.12b,c Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 29.15 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Bonus PsychTrek © 1998 by Wadsworth Publishing Co.; Bonus PsychTrek © 1998 by Wadsworth Publishing Co.
Chapter 30
Figure 30.04 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 30.05 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 8th edition, © 1998 Wadsworth Publishing Co.; Figure 30.06 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 7th edition, © 1995 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc. Art by Robert Demarest.; Figure 30.12 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.
Chapter 32
Figure 32.1 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 32.03 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 32.05 PhotoDisc with enhancement by Lisa Starr; Figure 32.06 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 32.12 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.
Chapter 33
Figure 33.05 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Bonus Ingraham/Ingraham, Introduction to Microbiology © 1995 by Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 33.07 Ingraham/Ingraham, Introduction to Microbiology © 1995 by Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.
Chapter 34
Figure 34.04 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.
Chapter 35
Big Picture Lisa Starr with PDB ID 1A6M:Vojtechovsky, J., Berendzen, J., Chu, K., Schlichting, I., Sweet, R. M.: Implications for the Mechanism of Ligand Discrimination and Identification of Substates Derived from Crystal Structures of Myoglobin-Ligand Complexes at A; © Peter Parks/ Oxford Scientific Films; © Joe Warfel/Eight-Eye Photography; Figure 35.11 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 35.14 Spence and E. Mason, Human Anatomy and Physiology, fourth edition, 1992, West Publishing Company. Used in Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 7th edition, © 1995 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Bonus Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.; Figure 35.18 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 8th edition, © 1998 Wadsworth Publishing Co.
Chapter 36
Big Picture Courtesy of Kevin Wickenheiser, University of Michigan; Figure 36.04 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition, © 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.
Chapter 37
Big Picture © Bob McKeever/ Tom Stack & Associates; © S. J. Krasemann/ Photo Researchers, Inc.; Figure 37.07 Precision Graphics.
Chapter 38
Big Picture Lisa Starr; © Ron Austing; Frank Lane Picture Agency/ CORBIS; Figure 38.1 Fairbanks/Andersen Genetics.
Chapter 39
Big Picture © Joe McDonald/CORBIS; NASA; Art byPrecision Graphics.
Chapter 40
Big Picture © Jonathan Scott/ Planet Earth Pictures; Thomas W. Doeppner.
Chapter 41
Big Picture © Doug Peebles/ CORBIS; © Pat O'Hara/ CORBIS; © Tom Bean/ CORBIS; © Pr. Alexande Meinesz, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis; Figure 41.04 Lisa Starr; Figure 41.19 © NASA photograph from JSC Digital Image Collection.
Chapter 42
Figure 42.1 Precision Graphics; Figure 42.11 Lisa Starr; Figure 42.12 Starr/Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 9th edition, © 2001 Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.
Chapter 43
Big Picture © James Zipp/ Photo Researchers, Inc.; © Monty Sloan, www.wolfphotography.com; © Dr.Tim Jackson, University of Pretoria; © Matthew Alan/ CORBIS;