Menelaus' Theorem (100 AD)

Theorem: Let A, B, and C be the three vertices of a triangle. The extension of line segment AB is defined to be the line, coinciding with the segment, but extending beyond A and B to infinity. Let F be a point on the extension of segment AB. (Note that this point can be between A and B, but is not required to be.), Similarly, let E be on the extension of AC, and let D be on the extension of BC. Menelaus proved that points D, E, and F can only be collinear (in other words, fall on a straight line) if the lengths of the line segments AF X BD X CE = BF X CD X AE.

Author: Menelaus presented this finding with his own geometric proof, around 100AD.

Importance: For all three of the projective geometry theorems discussed here, one of the most important applications was in the subsequent development of perspective theory, and its application to, for instance, technical drawing.